SCIENCE GLOSSARY

 SCIENCE GLOSSARY Abiotic: A nonliving factor or element (e.g., light, water, heat, rock, energy, mineral). Acid deposition: Precipitation with a pH less than 5.6 that forms in the atmosphere when certain pollutants mix with water vapor. Allele: Any of a set of possible forms of a gene. Biochemical conversion: The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms. Biological diversity: The variety and complexity of species present and interacting in an ecosystem and the relative abundance of each. Biomass conversion: The changing of organic matter that has been produced by photosynthesis into useful liquid, gas or fuel. Biomedical technology: The application of health care theories to develop methods, products and tools to maintain or improve homeostasis. Biomes: A community of living organisms of a single major ecological region. Biotechnology: The ways that humans apply biological concepts to produce products and provide services. Biotic: An environmental factor related to or produced by living organisms. Carbon chemistry: The science of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of carbon based matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems; sometimes referred to as organic chemistry. Closing the loop: A link in the circular chain of recycling events that promotes the use of products made with recycled materials. Commodities: Economic goods or products before they are processed and/or given a brand name, such as a product of agriculture. 1 Composting: The process of mixing decaying leaves, manure and other nutritive matter to improve and fertilize soil. Construction technology: The ways that humans build structures on sites. Consumer: 1) Those organisms that obtain energy by feeding on other organisms and their remains. 2) A person buying goods or services for personal needs or to use in the production of other goods for resale. Decomposer: An organism, often microscopic in size, that obtains nutrients by consuming dead organic matter, thereby making nutrients accessible to other organisms; examples of decomposers include fungi, scavengers, rodents and other animals. Delineate: To trace the outline; to draw; to sketch; to depict or picture. Desalinization: To remove salts and other chemicals from sea or saline water. Dichotomous: Divided or dividing into two parts or classifications. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their interrelated physical and chemical environment. Electronic communication: System for the transmission of information using electronic technology (e.g., digital cameras, cellular telephones, Internet, television, fiber optics). Embryology: The branch of biology dealing with the development of living things from fertilized egg to its developed state. Endangered species: A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Engineering: The application of scientific, physical, mechanical and mathematical principles to design processes, products and structures that improve the quality of life. Environment: The total of the surroundings (air, water, soil, vegetation, people, wildlife) influencing each living being’s existence, including physical, biological and all other factors; the surroundings of a plant or animals including other plants or animals, climate and location. 2 Enzyme: A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction; an organic catalyst. Equilibrium: The ability of an ecosystem to maintain stability among its biological resources (e.g., forest, fisheries, crops) so that there is a steady optimum yield. Ergonomical: Of or relating to the design of equipment or devices to fit the human body’s control, position, movement and environment. Evolution: A process of change that explains why what we see today is different from what existed in the past; it includes changes in the galaxies, stars, solar system, earth and life on earth. Biological evolution is a change in hereditary characteristics of groups of organisms over the course of generations. Extinction: The complete elimination of a species from the earth. Fact: Information that has been objectively verified. Geologic hazard: A naturally occurring or man-made condition or phenomenon that presents a risk or is a potential danger to life and property (e.g., landslides, floods, earthquakes, ground subsidence, coastal and beach erosion, faulting, dam leakage and failure, mining disasters, pollution and waste disposal, sinkholes). Geologic map: A representation of a region on which is recorded earth information (e.g., the distribution, nature and age relationships of rock units and the occurrences of structural features, mineral deposits and fossil localities). Groundwater: Water that infiltrates the soil and is located in underground reservoirs called aquifers. Hazardous waste: A solid that, because of its quantity or concentration or its physical, chemical or infectious characteristics, may cause or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported or disposed of, or otherwise managed. Homeostasis: The tendency for a system to remain in a state of equilibrium by resisting change. 3 Hydrology: The scientific study of the properties, distribution and effects of water on the earth’s surface, in the soil and underlying rocks and in the atmosphere. Hypothesis: An assertion subject to verification or proof as a premise from which a conclusion is drawn. Incinerating: Burning to ashes; reducing to ashes. Information technology: The technical means that humans create to store and transmit information. Inquiry: A systematic process for using knowledge and skills to acquire and apply new knowledge. Instructional technology: Any mechanical aid (including computer technology) used to assist in or enhance the process of teaching and learning. Integrated pest management: A variety of pest control methods that include repairs, traps, bait, poison, etc. to eliminate pests. Law: Summarizing statement of observed experimental facts that has been tested many times and is generally accepted as true. Lentic: Relating to or living in still water. Lotic: Relating to or living in actively moving water. Manufacturing technology: The ways that humans produce goods and products. Mitigation: The policy of constructing or creating man-made habitats, such as wetlands, to replace those lost to development. Mitosis: The sequential differentiation and segregation of replicated chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus that precedes complete cell division. Model: A description, analogy or a representation of something that helps us understand it better (e.g., a physical model, a conceptual model, a mathematical model). 4 Niche (ecological): The role played by an organism in an ecosystem; its food preferences, requirements for shelter, special behaviors and the timing of its activities (e.g., nocturnal, diurnal), interaction with other organisms and its habitat. Nonpoint source pollution: Contamination that originates from many locations that all discharge into a location (e.g., a lake, stream, land area). Nonrenewable resources: Substances (e.g., oil, gas, coal, copper, gold) that, once used, cannot be replaced in this geological age. Nova: A variable star that suddenly increases in brightness to several times its normal magnitude and returns to its original appearance in a few weeks to several months or years. Patterns: Repeated processes that are exhibited in a wide variety of ways; identifiable recurrences of the element and/or the form. Pest: A label applied to an organism when it is in competition with humans for some resource. Physical technology: The ways that humans construct, manufacture and transport products. Point source pollution: Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types). Radioactive isotope: An atom that gives off nuclear radiation and has the same number of protons (atomic number) as another atom but a different number of neutrons. Recycling: Collecting and reprocessing a resource or product to make into new products. Regulation: A rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law. Renewable: A naturally occurring raw material or form of energy that will be replenished through natural ecological cycles or sound management practices (e.g., the sun, wind, water, trees). Risk management: A strategy developed to reduce or control the chance of harm or loss to one’s health or life; the process of identifying, evaluating, selecting and implementing actions to reduce risk to human health and to ecosystems. 5 Scale: Relates concepts and ideas to one another by some measurement (e.g., quantitative, numeral, abstract, ideological); provides a measure of size and/or incremental change. Science: Search for understanding the natural world using inquiry and experimentation. Shredder: Through chewing and/or grinding, microorganisms feed on non-woody coarse particulate matter, primarily leaves. Stream order: Energy and nutrient flow that increases as water moves toward the oceans (e.g., the smallest stream (primary) that ends when rivers flow into oceans). Succession: The series of changes that occur in an ecosystem with the passing of time. Sustainability: The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained. System: A group of related objects that work together to achieve a desired result. Closed Loop system: A group of related objects that have feedback and can modify themselves. Open Loop system: A group of related objects that do not have feedback and cannot modify themselves. Subsystem: A group of related objects that make up a larger system (e.g., automobiles have electrical systems, fuel systems). Technological design process: Recognizing the problem, proposing a solution, implementing the solution, evaluating the solution and communicating the problem, design and solution. Technology education: The application of tools, materials, processes and systems to solve problems and extend human capabilities. Theory of evolution: A theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modification in successive generations. 6 Theory: Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances; especially, a system of assumptions, accepted principles and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena. Tool: Any device used to extend human capability including computer-based tools. Topographic map: A representation of a region on a sufficient scale to show detail, selected man-made and natural features of a portion of the land surface including its relief and certain physical and cultural features; the portrayal of the position, relation, size, shape and elevation of the area. Transportation systems: A group of related parts that function together to perform a major task in any form of transportation. Transportation technology: The physical ways humans move materials, goods and people. Trophic levels: The role of an organism in nutrient and energy flow within an ecosystem (e.g., herbivore, carnivore, decomposer). Waste Stream: The flow of (waste) materials from generation, collection and separation to disposal. Watershed: The land area from which surface runoff drains into a stream, channel, lake, reservoir or other body of water; also called a drainage basin. Wetlands: Lands where water saturation is the dominant factor determining the nature of the soil development and the plant and animal communities (e.g., sloughs, estuaries, marshes).